World Copyright Law (Protection of Authors' Works, Performances, Phonograms, Films, Video, Broadcasts and Published Editions in National, International and Regional Law)

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Description
The rights of authors of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works are, in the common law system, covered by copyright, and in the civil law system by "author's right". The rights of performers, producers, broad­casters and others who bring authors' works before the public are often described as related (or neighbouring) rights. "Copyright" means many things to many people. To some it signifies a component of human rights, deriving from natural law, and sustaining the work of the human mind by protecting authors in respect of all uses of their works. To others it represents a commercially inspired monopoly for the better regulation of the exploitation of the author's work in the market place. In between are other concepts, each with its own philosophical and juridical justifications. The debate on the place of copyright in the legal system is not merely on the national level, but also covers relationships at cultural, political and commercial levels throughout the world. One feature is, however, common to all approaches. The discussion concerns works of the mind, and the means by which these are disseminated to the public. The writer of a text such as the present is faced with a problem which is present at the outset and which gains in gravity as the work continues, namely the immense amount of material on the subject of copyright and related rights which pours from the world's presses and over the Internet in ever increasing volume. The researcher is inevitably faced with the chal­lenge of selection, and with the necessity of omitting analysis of many questions which could have detailed study. The choice is between attempting analysis of all points which raise problems (with the probable result that the work would never be completed), or choosing for analysis as many as possible of those subjects likely to be of international interest: this course is the one chosen in the Commentary. In sum, the aim of this work is to provide the reader with an overview of the
present state copyright and related rights law at the national, international and regional levels, sup­ported by reference materials which are general in content and should lead to an appreciation of the global issues arising from recent developments in technology. Some of the material in the author's earlier work Intellectual Property Rights in Sound Recordings, Film and Video (1992, Supplement 1994) is incorporated in the present text, but forms only a minor part of the exposition.
A word may be said here about the availability of sources. There is no dearth of learned text books on the subject, and a great deal of material covering the common law and civil law systems is readily available. Case reports of international interest are published in International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law (I.I.C.) and Revue Internationale de Droit d'Auteur (R.I.D.A.), both of which are found in research libraries throughout the world. International journals such as European Intellectual Property Review (E.I.P.R.) publish summaries of cases as reported by their correspondents. The development of Internet search facilities enables, by the entry of a relevant team or title in the search box, access to case reports, learned articles and news items on an extensive range of aspects of copy­right law, some of which may not otherwise be available. The reader will note that in the presentation of the first Section of the work, consisting of a Commentary on the whole subject, the illustrative examples of national situations are mainly taken from the legislation and jurisprudence of France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the U.S.A., these showing aspects of the civil law and common law systems respec­tively, and permitting reference to case material which is in general readily available. Many other countries have highly developed laws in the area with impressive heritages of jurisprudence and learned writing, and in many cases, reference to items in such material is included in the Commentary.
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Contents
Section I: Commentary
Part I: Background and basic principles
Chapter 1 : General overview
A. General summary
B.  Historical background
C. The economic importance of copyright and related rights
D. Copyright and related rights in the global information era
E. Summary
Chapter 2 : Basis of protection
Introduction
Section 1 General Analysis
Part I: Copyright/author's right
A. Identification of the right
B.   Historical source of the right
C.  Classification of the right
D. Justification for granting the right.
Part II: Related rights
A. Identification of the rights
(1)General
(2) Performers' rights
(3) Phonogram producers' rights
(4) Broadcasters' rights
(5) Film producers' rights
(6) Publishers' rights
B.  Historical sources of the rights
C.  Classification of the rights
D. Justification for granting the rights.
Part III: Sui generis rights
A. Identification of the rights
(1) General
(2) Semiconductor topography makers' rights
(3) Database makers' rights
B.   Historical sources of the rights
C.  Classification of the rights
D. Justification for granting the rights
Section 2 Related Aspects
General
A. Factors influencing legislative decisions
B.   Constitutional Questions
C.  Conflicts of interest
D. Resolution of conflicts
Appendix A: Locke's Theory of Property.
Appendix B: International and Regional Instruments Concerning Human Rights (Extracts
Chapter 3: Structure of protection
Introduction.
A. Structure of protection under national laws
B.   Structure of protection under international instruments.
C. Structure of protection under regional instruments
D. Private International Law
E.  National treatment and reciprocity
Figure I: Application of national treatment
Chapter 4 : Terminology and interpretation
General
National laws
International instruments
Regional instruments
Examples of definitional problems. Summary
Chapter 5 : Beneficiaries of protection
Introduction
Part I: Authors
Part II: Owners of related right
A. Performers
B.  Phonogram producers
C. Film producers
D. Wireless broadcasters
E.  Cable distributors
F.   Publishers
Part III: Owners of sui generis rights
A. Semiconductor topography makers
B.  Database makers
Chapter 6 : Subject matter of protection
Introduction
Part I: Authors' works
A. General
B. Particular categories
C. Exclusion of subject matter
Part II: Related right subject matter
A. Performances
B. Sound recordings (phonograms)
C. Film recordings
D. Wireless broadcasts
E. Cable transmissions and retransmissions
F. Published editions
Part IIl: Sui generis right subject matter
A. Semiconductor topographies
B.  Database contents
Part IV: Specific national categories.
Part V: The protection of recorded productions
Introductory
A.  General
B.   Contributions to recorded productions
C. Summary and proposal
Figure II: Protection of cinematographic and phonographic productions
Chapter 7 : Protection criteria
Introduction
Part I: Authors' rights
Part II: Related rights
A. Performers' rights
B.  Phonogram producers' rights
C. Film producers' rights
D. Wireless broadcasters' rights.
E. Cable distributors' rights
F.  Publishers' rights
Part III: Sui generis rights
A.  Semiconductor topography makers' rights
B.  Database makers' rights
Chapter 8 : Moral rights
Introduction
A.  Types of moral rights
B. Moral rights of authors
1.  National laws
2.  International instruments
3.   Regional instruments
C.  Other beneficiaries of moral or moral-type rights
1.   Performers
2.   Film producers
3.   Other categories of beneficiaries
D. Illustrative cases
Chapter 9: Economic rights
Introduction
A. Types of economic rights
B.  Economic rights in the context of the Internet
1.  General
2.  Terminology
3.   Types of Internet transmission and their relevance.
Relevant acts
5.  Legal regulation
6.  Illustrative cases
C. On-demand availability right: specific aspects
1.  Nature of the right
2.  Scope of the right
3.  Reproduction
4.  Implementation of the right
D. Economic rights of authors
1.   National laws
2.   International instruments
3.   Regional instruments
E.  Other beneficiaries of economic rights
1.   Performers
2.   Phonogram producers
3.   Film producers
4.   Wireless broadcasters
5.    Cable distributors
6.   Publishers
7.    Semiconductor topography makers
8.   Database makers
F.   Specific national categories
Figure III: Categories of communication services
Figure IV: Wireless broadcasting and cable transmissions
Chapter 10 : Limitations and exceptions
Introduction
A. Areas of limitation and exception
B.  Conditions of application
C, National laws
D. International instruments
E. Regional instruments
F.  Policy considerations
Chapter 11: Term of protection
Introduction
Part I: Authors' rights
Part II: Related
A. Performers' rights
B.  Phonogram producers' rights
C. Film producers' rights
D. Wireless broadcasters' rights
E.   Cable distributors' rights
F.   Publishers' rights
Part III: Sui generis rights
A. Semiconductor topography makers' rights
B. Database makers' rights
Part IV: Other provisions
Chapter 12: Exercise of rights
1. Introduction
A.  General
Assignments and licences
Limitations and exceptions
Contracts
Presumptions
Joint authors
Overlapping exercise of rights
Reversionary interests
Revival and extension of copyright
Bankruptcy
Onerous terms
Non-exercise of rights
Retraction of rights
Abandonment of rights
Abuse in exercise of rights
Competition rules
Profiting from illegality
Adjudication and dispute settlement
B.   Exercise of rights by collecting societies
C. Digital rights management
D. Web 2.0 sites
E.  Digital libraries
F.   Orphan works
G. "Creative Commons"
Chapter 13: Infringement
Introduction
A. General
Jurisdiction and applicable law
Basic aspects (causal connection, etc.)
Piracy, bootlegging and counterfeiting
Defenses
B. Particular aspects
Affixations and transfers
01. Sampling and ringtones
YI. Parodies
81. Importation
Infringement of computer program copyright.
Databases
C.      Infringement in the context of Internet
D.      General and Overview
E.       Types of Internet transmission
F.       Relevant Acts
G.      Rights which may be infringed
H.      Persons who may infringe
I.         Places of infringement
J.        Browsing and caching
K.       Linking and framing
L.       Peer-to-peer file-sharing
M.      Limitation of liability of Internet service providers
N.      Current issues
Illustrative Cases
D. Breaches in respect of technological measures
General
Provisions in the WIPO Treaties
Provisions in the EC Information Society Directive
Provisions in the EC Conditional Access Directive
Provisions in national laws
Illustrative cases
The need for harmonization
E. Unauthorized removal, etc. of rights management information
General
Provisions of the WIPO Treaties 1996
Provisions in the EC Information Society Directive
Provisions in National laws
Appendix: Potential infringements on the Internet
Chapter 14: Remedies, penalties and enforcement
General
TRIPS Agreement
WIPO Treaties 1996
European Community
National Laws
Technical controls
Internet problems
General
Disclosure of Names
Chapter 15: Additional legislative features
Introductory
Official administering bodies
Legal deposit
Transitional and applicatory provisions
part II: national, international and regional proti
Chapter 16: National systems of protection
Introduction
The copyright system
The author's right system
Differences between the copyright and author's right systems
Unifying the systems
Chapter 17: International Conventions, Treaties and Agreements: summary
Introduction
A. Major international instruments affording substantive
protec­tion
B.   Other international instruments
C. Proposed instruments
Chapter 18: Berne Convention (1886-1971)
Analysis
Chapter 19: Universal Copyright Convention (1952-1971)
Analysis
Chapter 20: Rome Convention (1961)
Analysis
Chapter 21: Phonograms Convention (1971)
Chapter 22: TRIPS Agreement (1994)
Analysis
Chapter 23: WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996)
Analysis Concluding comments
Chapter 24: WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996)
.Analysis
Concluding comments
Chapter 25: Regional Conventions, Treaties and Agreemei summary
Introduction
A. Europe
B. North, Central and South America
C. Other areas
D. Overview
Chapter 26: European Community
Part I: General summary
Part II: Application of Treaty principles
A. Non-discrimination (Art.12)
B.  Free movement of goods (Arts.28-30)
C. Free movement of services (Arts.49-50)
D. Prohibition of anti-competitive agreements (Art.81)
E.  Prohibition of abuse of dominant position (Art. 82 )
Part I Summaries of EC Directives on copyright and related rights
A. Computer Program Directive
B.  Rental/Lending and Related Rights Directive
C. Satellite Broadcasting and Cable Retransmission
Directive
D. Term Directive
E.  Database Directive
F.  Information Society Directive
G. Artist's Resale Right Directive
Part IV: Evolution of European Copyright and Related Rights Law
Introduction
Methodology
Present Situation
Comparison with other laws
Structure of Summary Chart
Summary Chart
part HI: current issues and future prospects
Chapter 27: Current issues
Introduction
A. Diversities in National, International and Regional
Systems
B.  Particular issues
C. General Summary
D. WIPO Developmental Agenda
E.  Priorities
Chapter 28: Future prospects
Introduction
The need for a world copyright system
Means of achieving a world copyright system
Proposed International Copyright Protection System
The importance of education
section II : International and regional standards of protection: comparative summaries
Introduction
Summary A: Comparative Summary of International and Regional * Instruments International instruments
Regional instruments
Summary B: Comparative Summary of Protection of Beneficiaries .3
Parti r Authors
Part II: Owners of related rights
A. Performers
B. Phonogram producers
C. Film producers
D. Wireless broadcasters
E. Cable distributors
F. Publishers
Part III: Owners of sui generis rights
A. Semiconductor topography makers
B.   Database makers
Comparative tables of protection under international and regional
instruments
Introduction
Table I: Authors
Table II: Performers
Table III: Phonogram producers
Table IV: Wireless broadcasters
section III :  Glossary of legal and technical terms
Introduction
Glossary index
Glossary of legal and technical terms
section IV : Reference materials
Part I: International and regional instruments: Membership, Contracting Parties and texts
Membership and Contracting Parties
A. International instruments
B.  Regional instruments
Texts
A. International instruments
B.   Regional instruments
Part II: Reference List of National Laws and supplementary material
Introduction
Country list
Associated territories and former laws
Summary List: Recording machine and tape payments (private copying): national laws
Part IH: Historic documents
Part IV: Additional reference materials
A. The phonogram performing right: historical background
Model Laws
C. Draft instruments
Bibliography
General Index
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Author Details 
J.A.L. Sterling